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"/images/banner/s5.jpg"; var randomBgIndex = Math.round( Math.random() * 4 ); //输出随机的背景图 document.write('<style>.banner{background:url(' + bodyBgs[randomBgIndex] + ') no-repeat 50% bottom}</style>'); //]]> </script> <section> <div class="banner" style="height:160px;"> </div> </section> <!-- 面包屑导航开始 --> <div class="container "> <nav class="sub_menu"> <ol class="breadcrumb"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-list"></span> <li><a href="/">网站首页</a></li> <li><a title="技术文章" href="/bethel/NC">技术文章</a></li> <li><a title="数控文章" href="/bethel/news">数控文章</a></li> </ol> </nav> </div> <!--/sub_menu--><!-- 面包屑导航结束 --> <!-- 页面标题开始 --> <div class="title"> <h3><a>龙门加工中心横梁导轨布置形式研究<small></small></a></h3> </div> <!-- 页面标题结束 --> <hr class="featurette-divider"> <!-- 中部开始 --> <div class="container"> <!-- 正文 --> <div class="lead" id="print"> <p><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="line-height: 10pt; background-color: transparent;">引言</span> </span></p> <p class="40" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:13.7pt;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4">横梁作为龙门加工中心重要组件，起着连接滑枕、 滑鞍等重要部件的作用。随着更好的满足市场的需 求，企业工程师开发出了各种结构的横梁以提高机床 性能，不同的横梁有着不同的筋板结构及导轨布置形 式，不同类型内部筋板结构横梁采用的导轨布置形式 也各有不同，为不同的横梁筋板结构选择合适的导轨 布置形式，可以有效的提高龙门加工中心的稳定性、加 工精度及使用寿命等<sup>[1]</sup>。</span></span></p> <p class="40" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:13.7pt;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4">常用的横梁导轨布置形式类型多样，例如有导轨竖 直方向平行布置、导轨水平方向平行布置、导轨垂直布 置、导轨阶梯形布置等<sup>[2]</sup>。在实际的龙门加工中心的生 产中，比较常用的导轨布置形式主要为两种，即导轨竖 直方向平行布置形式以及导轨垂直布置形式。导轨竖 直方向平行布置是指上、下导轨平行，上导轨布置与下 导轨都布置在横梁前侧;导轨垂直布置是指上下导轨相 互垂直，上导轨布置在横梁上侧，下导轨布置在横梁前 侧。本文在相同筋板布置形式及相同横梁截面的情况 之下，着重对这两种导轨布置形式的横梁做出对比。</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-family: 宋体;"><br clear="all" /> </span> </span></p> <p class="40" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.95pt; margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent: 22.0pt;line-height:13.7pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4">本文讨论的两种横梁都是基于全新的拱形与纵横 肋条相结合的内部筋板结构，通过研究已知这种筋板 结构有着良好的静动态性能，因此，需要对这种筋板结 构横梁采用哪种形式的导轨布置形式能够得到更好的 性能进行进一步讨论。</span></span></p> <p class="11190" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt; background: transparent;"><a name="bookmark2"></a><span style="font-size: small;"><a name="bookmark2"><span class="1119MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">1.</span></span></a><span class="1119">力学分析</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4"> 使用</span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">Pro</span></span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">/</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">E</span></span><span class="4">三维建模软件对两种横梁分别进行建 模，并对横梁组件做出必要的简化，忽略螺纹孔、圆角 及倒角等特征，在基本不影响分析结果的基础上加快 有限元软件的计算速度。</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4"> 对于大型和重型机床，移动件的重量大，切削力也 很大，因此进行受力分析时，必须同时考虑移动件重力 和切削力等载荷作用。要根据机床的受力结构和工作 要求，分析得出极限工作载荷<sup>[3]</sup>。由于两种横梁导轨 布置形式不一样，造成两种横梁的受力状况也不一样， 需要对两种横梁分别进行静力学分析。根据机床模型 及相关技术参数可知，假设两种情况下滑枕、滑鞍及主 轴部件的重量都约为</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">4000</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">kg</span></span><span class="4">(实际情况下，由于导轨 布置形式的不同，造成滑枕的形状略有不同，最终导致 滑枕重量也不一样。但是，相对与</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">4000</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">kg</span></span><span class="4">来说，变化 量并不算很大，因此可忽略不计），并且可认为它们的 合成重心共同作用于竖直主轴的轴线上。</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4"> 通过已有的分析可知，横梁在加载切削力的情况 下，由于切削力竖直方向分力的与横梁主要受力方向 相反，且切削力各方向分力相对较小，所以在加载切削 力的情况下，横梁的变形反而并不是最大情况。因此 主要考虑在横梁不受到切削力的常态状况下的受力状 况。通过已有学者的研究可知，当滑枕、滑鞍及主轴部 件运动至横梁中间位置，而滑枕运动到最低点时，横梁 将会产生最大的弯曲变形<sup>[4]</sup>。</span></span></p> <p class="1220" style="margin-top:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:0cm;line-height:10.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background: transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="122TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">1.1</span></span><span class="1220pt">导轨垂直布置形式横梁</span></span></p> <p class="40" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:14.15pt;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;tab-stops:169.35pt;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4">为了求得横梁受到的最大大工作载荷， 对其进行受力</span><span class="4-1pt">分析，设直</span><span class="4MingLiU">I</span><span class="4">坐标系原点</span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">F</span></span><span class="4">位于横梁跨距中点，距离上导轨表面</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">457. 5</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">mm</span></span><span class="4"><span lang="EN-US">，</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">Z</span></span><span class="4">方向原点位于上导轨中间线与下导轨 中间线的中点，坐标系方向与机床坐标系方向相同。</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="4"> </span><span class="4" style="line-height: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22pt; background-color: transparent;">在不考虑切削力情况下，横梁受到的力主要为滑 枕、滑鞍及主轴部件的合成重力G滑及横梁自身受到的 重力G横</span><span class="4" style="line-height: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22pt; background-color: transparent;">作用。受力情况如图4中所示。</span></span></p> <p class="40" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:14.4pt;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4">将这两个力近似的作用到8个滑块上，则上导轨 滑块上受到的压强为</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">0. </span></span><span class="4">61 </span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">MPa</span></span><span class="4-1pt">，</span><span class="4-1pt">方向为</span><span class="4"> < 轴负方向，下 导轨滑块上受到的压强为</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">0. </span></span><span class="4">23</span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">MPa</span></span><span class="4-1pt">，</span><span class="4-1pt">方向为</span><span class="4"> < 轴正方 向。将//转化为加载在横梁滑块上的压强，并忽略因 此产生的微小扭矩，则上导轨滑块上侧受到的压强为</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">0.</span></span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">52</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">MPa</span></span><span class="4">，</span><span class="4">下导轨滑块上侧受到的压强为</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">0.2</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">MPa</span></span><span class="4">，</span><span class="4">方向为</span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">Z</span></span><span class="4">轴负方向。</span></span></p> <p class="40" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:14.4pt;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><br type="_moz" /> </span></p> <p class="1220" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.85pt; margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent: 0cm;line-height:10.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="122TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">1.</span></span><span class="122TimesNewRoman">2</span><span class="1220pt">导轨竖直方向平行布置形式</span></span></p> <p class="40" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:14.4pt;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></p> <p class="40" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:14.4pt;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4">横梁导轨竖直方向平行布置形式不受切削力时的 受力状况如图5中所示。</span></span></p> <p class="40" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 13.9pt; background: transparent;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4">将这两个力近似的作有在8个滑块上，则每个滑块受到的压强约为</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">0.2</span></span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">6</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">MPa</span></span><span class="4">。</span><span class="4">上导轨滑块压强的方向为 X轴正方向，下导轨滑块的方向为<轴负方向。为了力的加载方便， 将G滑转化为加载在滑块上的压强，则滑块受到的压强 为</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">0.52</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">MPa</span></span><span class="4-1pt">，</span><span class="4-1pt">方向向下。</span></span></p> <p class="40" align="left" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 13.9pt; background: transparent;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br type="_moz" /> </span></p> <p class="11190" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.2pt; margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: 10.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:transparent"><a name="bookmark3"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="11192pt">2横梁有限元分析</span></span></a></p> <p class="40" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:13.9pt;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4">对横梁进行有限元分析，由于两种横梁内部筋板 结构完全相同，截面也基本相同，只是导轨的布置形式 有所不同，因此横梁的固有频率变化不大，故此处不对 其进行讨论，只对横梁做出静态分析对比。</span></span></p> <p class="40" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22pt; background: transparent;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4">将上文分析出的力加载在横梁滑块之上，同时对 横梁组件整体施加重力作用，并在横梁底部两连接块 部分作全约束。同时，忽略横梁组件各结合面之间的 接触变形，近似将各接触面看作刚性接触<sup>[6]</sup>。</span></span></p> <p class="40" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22pt; background: transparent;"> </p> <p class="40" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:23.0pt;line-height:14.65pt;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4">由有限元分析结果可知，当导轨在竖直方向上平 行布置时，横梁的变形量比导轨垂直布置时要小，此时 横梁的最大变形量约为</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">28. </span></span><span class="4">3</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">'</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">m</span></span><span class="4">，</span><span class="4">而导轨垂直布置横 梁最大变形量约为</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">28. </span></span><span class="4">8</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">'</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">m</span></span><span class="4">，</span><span class="4">最大变形部分都发生在 滑块之上。如果我们不考虑滑块和导轨的变形量时，</span><span style="line-height: 14.15pt; text-indent: -21pt; background-color: transparent;">导轨垂直面平行布置形式横梁的最大变形量为</span><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: SimSun;">26.</span><span class="42pt"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">8u</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">m</span></span><span class="4">，</span><span class="4">而导轨垂直布置形式横梁最大变形量则为</span><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: SimSun;">27.</span><span class="4">4</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">u</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">m</span></span><span class="4">，导轨竖直面平行布置横梁变形量始终要比导轨</span><span class="4">垂直布置形式横梁变形的量小。</span></span></p> <p class="40" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.35pt; margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent: 21.0pt;line-height:14.15pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4">另一方面，导轨竖直方向平行布置形式横梁受到 的最大应力为</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">5. 03</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">MPa</span></span><span class="4">，</span><span class="4">而导轨垂直布置横梁受到的 最大应力约为</span><span class="4"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">4. 37</span></span><span class="4MingLiU"><span lang="EN-US">MPa</span></span><span class="4">，</span><span class="4">明显要小于导轨平行布置的 横梁。导轨竖直面平行布置横梁的两条导轨固定面有 一定的斜度，可减小滑鞍的悬臂尺寸，整体刚性比传统 龙门式机床有所提高，横梁加工过程中主要需保证两 个导轨面的平行度。导轨垂直布置形式横梁的两条导 轨分别承担主轴箱的垂直方向和水平方向载荷，很好 的改善了横梁的受力结构，使得横梁受力分布更加的 均匀，导轨垂直布置形式横梁在加工中主要需保证两 个导轨面的平行度，这种横梁的加工工艺难度更高。 此外，由于此时两种横梁受到的最大应力都远小于横 梁各部件材料的需用应力，因此，基本上可以忽略导轨 垂直布置横梁在分散应力方面的优点。</span></span></p> <p class="40" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.8pt; margin-left:21.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent: -21.0pt;line-height:10.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4">3结论</span></span></p> <p class="40" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:21.0pt;line-height:14.15pt;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;background:transparent"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="4">通过两种导轨布置形式横梁进行有限元分析对比 结果可知，导轨竖直面平行布置形式更加适合于内部 筋板结构为拱形与纵横肋条相结合的横梁，这种导轨 布置形式配合这种筋板结构有着更好的静态性能，且 横梁在加工工艺上需保证两个导轨面的平行度，相对 于导轨垂直布置形式，其加工难度更低，加工成本也就 相对较低，更加适合企业的实际生产。</span></span></p> <p class="40" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:21.0pt;line-height:14.15pt;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;background:transparent"> </p> <p class="40" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:21.0pt;line-height:14.15pt;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;background:transparent"><span 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